God the Holy Spirit

God the Holy Spirit

The Holy Spirit

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Apostolic Teaching

The Holy Spirit in the Gospels

The long-awaited Kingdom of God arrived in the days and ministry of Jesus Christ as recounted by the Holy Spirit in the four Gospels of Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John. The same Spirit of the LORD not only testified to this Gospel through the prophets in Old Testament times, but also prepared the way for Jesus’ arrival and poured forth blessing after blessing upon God’s people to make it a reality. These Gospels provide rich teaching on the Holy Spirit’s work both before the Incarnation of Christ even to His death, burial, resurrection, and ascension.

This Kingdom is one that is not of this world. It is a kingdom of “righteousness and peace and joy in the Holy Spirit,” according to Paul:

Romans 14:16-19 (The true nature of the Kingdom of God found in the Holy Spirit)

{16}Therefore do not let your good be spoken of as evil; {17}for the kingdom of God is not eating and drinking, but righteousness and peace and joy in the Holy Spirit. {18}For he who serves Christ in these things is acceptable to God and approved by men. {19}Therefore let us pursue the things which make for peace and the things by which one may edify another. (NKJV)

Earlier, in the same vein, Paul could speak about the reign of death through Adam and the reign of grace that comes through the obedience of Christ. This reign of the grace of God in the Gospel is the Kingdom that is eternal, for it grants to us eternal life in Christ.

Romans 5:12-21 (The reign of grace through the obedience of Christ in the Gospel)

{12}Therefore, just as through one man sin entered the world, and death through sin, and thus death spread to all men, because all sinned—{13}(For until the law sin was in the world, but sin is not imputed when there is no law. {14}Nevertheless death reigned from Adam to Moses, even over those who had not sinned according to the likeness of the transgression of Adam, who is a type of Him who was to come. {15}But the free gift is not like the offense. For if by the one man’s offense many died, much more the grace of God and the gift by the grace of the one Man, Jesus Christ, abounded to many. {16}And the gift is not like that which came through the one who sinned. For the judgment which came from one offense resulted in condemnation, but the free gift which came from many offenses resulted in justification. {17}For if by the one man’s offense death reigned through the one, much more those who receive abundance of grace and of the gift of righteousness will reign in life through the One, Jesus Christ.) {18}Therefore, as through one man’s offense judgment came to all men, resulting in condemnation, even so through one Man’s righteous act the free gift came to all men, resulting in justification of life. {19}For as by one man’s disobedience many were made sinners, so also by one Man’s obedience many will be made righteous. {20}Moreover the law entered that the offense might abound. But where sin abounded, grace abounded much more, {21}so that as sin reigned in death, even so grace might reign through righteousness to eternal life through Jesus Christ our Lord. (NKJV)

Kingdom Prophecy

It was through the testimony of the Holy Spirit that God’s Word was given to the people. And thus the good news of the Kingdom of God was foretold in Old Testament times—the kingdom of the Gospel, in which the Messiah (God’s Anointed Son) would suffer for sinners and bring eternal life and salvation to the people.

1 Peter 1:10-12 (The Spirit of Christ testified to the prophets in advance about Christ’s sufferings and the kingdom glory that was to follow)

{10}Of this salvation the prophets have inquired and searched carefully, who prophesied of the grace that would come to you, {11}searching what, or what manner of time, the Spirit of Christ who was in them was indicating when He testified beforehand the sufferings of Christ and the glories that would follow. {12}To them it was revealed that, not to themselves, but to us they were ministering the things which now have been reported to you through those who have preached the gospel to you by the Holy Spirit sent from heaven—things which angels desire to look into. (NKJV)

Kingdom Preparation

It was through the Work of the Spirit that the way was made straight and clear for the coming of the Messiah. We see this in the lives and deeds of individuals as recorded in the Gospels, men and women who from time to time received the Holy Spirit’s help, guidance, or leadership, just like many Old Testament saints.

As John the Baptist will bear witness to the true Light that is coming into the world (John 1:6-9), He will be filled with the Holy Spirit even “from His mother’s womb” (Luke 1:15).

Luke 1:13-17 (John the Baptist will be filled with the Spirit even from his mother’s womb)

{13}But the angel said to him, “Do not be afraid, Zacharias, for your prayer is heard; and your wife Elizabeth will bear you a son, and you shall call his name John. {14}And you will have joy and gladness, and many will rejoice at his birth. {15}For he will be great in the sight of the Lord, and shall drink neither wine nor strong drink. He will also be filled with the Holy Spirit, even from his mother’s womb [καὶ πνεύματος ἁγίου πλησθήσεται ἔτι ἐκ κοιλίας μητρὸς αὐτοῦ]. {16}And he will turn many of the children of Israel to the Lord their God. {17}He will also go before Him in the spirit and power of Elijah, ’to turn the hearts of the fathers to the children,’ and the disobedient to the wisdom of the just, to make ready a people prepared for the Lord.” (NKJV adapted)

Would this not have been the time that John the Baptist was himself filled with the Holy Spirit, at the moment Elizabeth is herself filled with the Holy Spirit when Mary greets her? Before answering this question, we should consider the details of Mary’s miraculous conception of the Holy Spirit.

Luke 1:30-37 (The angel Gabriel announces to Mary her holy conception of the Messiah)

{30}Then the angel said to her, “Do not be afraid, Mary, for you have found favor with God. {31}And behold, you will conceive in your womb and bring forth a Son, and shall call His name JESUS. {32}He will be great, and will be called the Son of the Highest; and the Lord God will give Him the throne of His father David. {33}And He will reign over the house of Jacob forever, and of His kingdom there will be no end.” {34}Then Mary said to the angel, “How can this be, since I do not know a man?” {35}And the angel answered and said to her, “The Holy Spirit will come upon you, and the power of the Highest will overshadow you; therefore, also, that Holy One who is to be born will be called the Son of God. {36}Now indeed, Elizabeth your relative has also conceived a son in her old age; and this is now the sixth month for her who was called barren. {37}For with God nothing will be impossible.” (NKJV)

It is entirely plausible, therefore, to suggest that Mary’s visit to Elizabeth, when both of them are with child, is the time when John too was filled with the Holy Spirit “from his mother’s womb.”

Luke 1:39-45 (Mary greets Elizabeth who is immediately filled with the Holy Spirit)

{39}Now Mary arose in those days and went into the hill country with haste, to a city of Judah, {40}and entered the house of Zacharias and greeted Elizabeth. {41}And it happened, when Elizabeth heard the greeting of Mary, that the babe leaped in her womb; and Elizabeth was filled with the Holy Spirit. {42}Then she spoke out with a loud voice and said, “Blessed are you among women, and blessed is the fruit of your womb! {43}But why is this granted to me, that the mother of my Lord should come to me? {44}For indeed, as soon as the voice of your greeting sounded in my ears, the babe leaped in my womb for joy. {45}Blessed is she who believed, for there will be a fulfillment of those things which were told her from the Lord.” (NKJV)

At the circumcision of Christ in the temple, we encounter another man, Simeon, who like the prophets before him, was one blessed by the Spirit’s presence in his life, at times receiving prophetic utterances from that same Spirit (2:26; 29ff). In Luke 2 he came into the temple “by the Spirit” (ἐν τῷ πνεύματι) and imparted a blessing (2:29-32, part of the liturgy now referred to as the “Nunc Dimittis”) as well as a prophetic utterance to the holy family (2:34f) apparently by that same Spirit.

Luke 2:25-35 (Simeon prophesies ‘by the Spirit’)

{25}And behold, there was a man in Jerusalem whose name was Simeon, and this man was just and devout, waiting for the Consolation of Israel, and the Holy Spirit was upon him [καὶ πνεῦμα ἦν ἅγιον ἐπ᾽ αὐτόν]. {26}And it had been revealed to him by the Holy Spirit [Καὶ ἦν αὐτῷ κεχρηματισμένον ὑπὸ τοῦ πνεύματος τοῦ ἁγίου] that he would not see death before he had seen the Lord’s Christ. {27}So he came by the Spirit [ἐν τῷ πνεύματι] into the temple. And when the parents brought in the Child Jesus, to do for Him according to the custom of the law, {28}he took Him up in his arms and blessed God and said: {29}“Lord, now You are letting Your servant depart in peace, According to Your word; {30}For my eyes have seen Your salvation {31}Which You have prepared before the face of all peoples, {32}A light to bring revelation to the Gentiles, And the glory of Your people Israel.” {33}And Joseph and His mother marveled at those things which were spoken of Him. {34}Then Simeon blessed them, and said to Mary His mother, “Behold, this Child is destined for the fall and rising of many in Israel, and for a sign which will be spoken against {35}(yes, a sword will pierce through your own soul also), that the thoughts of many hearts may be revealed.” (NKJV adapted)

This similar to the way that the Holy Spirit reveals God’s Word to the prophets and writers of Scripture in the Old Testament.

Matthew 22:43-45 (Jesus attributes to the Holy Spirit divine authorship in the inspired words of David in the Psalms)

{43}He said to them, “How then does David in the Spirit [ἐν πνεύματι] call Him ‘Lord,’ saying: {44}‘The LORD said to my Lord, “Sit at My right hand, Till I make Your enemies Your footstool”’? {45}If David then calls Him ‘Lord,’ how is He his Son?” (NKJV adapted)

Kingdom Announcement

God from heaven announced Jesus’ true identity as the beloved Son of God with whom He is well-pleased, and anointed His Son with the abiding presence of the Holy Spirit at His baptism. All four Gospels capture this momentous event from different perspectives.

The Gospels all bear witness to the Holy Spirit’s presence at Jesus’ baptism. More needs to be said about this connection between the Holy Spirit and water baptism, but one thing is certain, that connection appears on the face of it to be a significant detail for all four Gospels to report it.

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For more on this connection between the Spirit and baptism, please see the article on Holy Baptism.
Matthew 3:13-17 (The Baptism of Jesus in Matthew)

{13}Then Jesus came from Galilee to John at the Jordan to be baptized by him. {14}And John tried to prevent Him, saying, “I need to be baptized by You, and are You coming to me?” {15}But Jesus answered and said to him, “Permit it to be so now, for thus it is fitting for us to fulfill all righteousness.” Then he allowed Him. {16}When He had been baptized, Jesus came up immediately from the water; and behold, the heavens were opened to Him, and He saw the Spirit of God descending like a dove and alighting upon Him. {17}And suddenly a voice came from heaven, saying, “This is My beloved Son, in whom I am well pleased.” (NKJV)

Mark 1:9-11 (The Baptism of Jesus in Mark)

{9}It came to pass in those days that Jesus came from Nazareth of Galilee, and was baptized by John in the Jordan. {10}And immediately, coming up from the water, He saw the heavens parting and the Spirit descending upon Him like a dove. {11}Then a voice came from heaven, “You are My beloved Son, in whom I am well pleased.” (NKJV)

Luke 3:21-22 (The Baptism of Jesus in Luke)

{21}When all the people were baptized, it came to pass that Jesus also was baptized; and while He prayed, the heaven was opened. {22}And the Holy Spirit descended in bodily form like a dove upon Him, and a voice came from heaven which said, “You are My beloved Son; in You I am well pleased.” (NKJV)

John 1:29-34 (The Baptism of Jesus in John)

{29}The next day John saw Jesus coming toward him, and said, “Behold! The Lamb of God who takes away the sin of the world! {30}This is He of whom I said, ‘After me comes a Man who is preferred before me, for He was before me.’ {31}I did not know Him; but that He should be revealed to Israel, therefore I came baptizing with water.” {32}And John bore witness, saying, “I saw the Spirit descending from heaven like a dove, and He remained upon Him. {33}I did not know Him, but He who sent me to baptize with water said to me, ‘Upon whom you see the Spirit descending, and remaining on Him, this is He who baptizes with the Holy Spirit.’ {34}And I have seen and testified that this is the Son of God.” (NKJV)

The lingering or remaining of the Holy Spirit upon Jesus is emphasized by John the Baptist (in his verbal testimony) following Christ’s baptism. That too is a significant detail, and it is likewise emphasized by Matthew (4:1ff), Mark (1:12f), and Luke (4:1-15) in the verses following the account of Jesus’ baptism in the Jordan, for each one also relates how the Holy Spirit sent Christ into the wilderness to be tempted by the devil, and in the case of Luke 4:14 the Holy Spirit is still empowering Jesus upon His return from the temptations.

Luke 4:14-15 (The Holy Spirit empowering Jesus following the temptations in Luke)

{14}Then Jesus returned in the power of the Spirit to Galilee, and news of Him went out through all the surrounding region. {15}And He taught in their synagogues, being glorified by all. (NKJV)

Luke 4:16-21 (Jesus fulfills the prophecy of Yahweh’s Spirit being upon Him)

{16}So He came to Nazareth, where He had been brought up. And as His custom was, He went into the synagogue on the Sabbath day, and stood up to read. {17}And He was handed the book of the prophet Isaiah. And when He had opened the book, He found the place where it was written: {18}"The Spirit of the LORD is upon Me, Because He has anointed Me To preach the gospel to the poor; He has sent Me to heal the brokenhearted, To proclaim liberty to the captives And recovery of sight to the blind, To set at liberty those who are oppressed; {19}To proclaim the acceptable year of the LORD." {20}Then He closed the book, and gave it back to the attendant and sat down. And the eyes of all who were in the synagogue were fixed on Him. {21}And He began to say to them, “Today this Scripture is fulfilled in your hearing.” (NKJV)

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What makes this significant is the fact that before Christ’s baptism, the giving of the Holy Spirit in the days of Old Testament saints seems to have a more temporal nature. But from the very beginning of Jesus’ public ministry, the Holy Spirit is active and remains with and upon Jesus. As Matthew 12:15-21 shows, Jesus is the One upon whom God promised (by the prophet Isaiah) that He will put His Spirit upon Him. The giving of the the Holy Spirit by God to those who are baptized by Jesus’ command and authority should be understood as permanent and enduring as well.

The entrance of the kingdom into this world is tied to this gift of the Holy Spirit as Jesus teaches in Matthew 12. Indeed, it is a requirement that the strong man (Satan) be bound first (as evidenced throughout Jesus’ ministry by the many demons He casts out in a manner that Jesus Himself describes as “by the Spirit of God”) in order to loot the devil of sinful souls Jesus has come to save.

Matthew 12:25-30 (Exorcisms are always a sign of the Holy Spirit at work in Jesus)

{25}But Jesus knew their thoughts, and said to them: “Every kingdom divided against itself is brought to desolation, and every city or house divided against itself will not stand. {26}If Satan casts out Satan, he is divided against himself. How then will his kingdom stand? {27}And if I cast out demons by Beelzebub, by whom do your sons cast them out? Therefore they shall be your judges. {28}But if I cast out demons by the Spirit of God, surely the kingdom of God has come upon you. {29}Or how can one enter a strong man’s house and plunder his goods, unless he first binds the strong man? And then he will plunder his house. {30}He who is not with Me is against Me, and he who does not gather with Me scatters abroad.” (NKJV)

Jesus so emphasizes the Spirit’s role in this endeavor of casting out demons that He warns any who would deny it or who would in any way denigrate the Spirit’s work in this invasion against the devil’s kingdom by the kingdom of God that they are committing an unforgivable sin (unforgivable both now and in the future). Jesus calls such words blasphemy (a sin of the tongue) against the Holy Spirit.

Matthew 12:31-32 (Jesus sternly warns of blasphemy against the Holy Spirit)

{31}"Therefore I say to you, every sin and blasphemy will be forgiven men, but the blasphemy against the Spirit will not be forgiven men. {32}Anyone who speaks a word against the Son of Man, it will be forgiven him; but whoever speaks against the Holy Spirit, it will not be forgiven him, either in this age or in the age to come." (NKJV)

The Holy Spirit’s abiding presence manifested upon Jesus from the moment of His baptism is confirmed a second time through His transfiguration. By the testimony of the apostles, we hear the same divine announcement issued from the cloud of God’s glory (the same cloud of glory that enveloped the Tent of Meeting in the days of Moses) at Jesus’ transfiguration, in the presence of two of the great prophets of the Old Testament—Moses and Elijah.

Psalm 2:7-9 (God declares for His Messiah the Divine Sonship and eternal inheritance of His kingdom)

{7}I will declare the decree: “The LORD has said to Me, ‘You are My Son, Today I have begotten You. {8}Ask of Me, and I will give You The nations for Your inheritance, And the ends of the earth for Your possession. {9}You shall break them with a rod of iron; You shall dash them to pieces like a potter’s vessel.’” (NKJV)

Psalm 110:1-4 (An eternal kingdom and priesthood is granted to the Messiah)

{1}A Psalm of David. The LORD said to my Lord, “Sit at My right hand, Till I make Your enemies Your footstool.” {2}The LORD shall send the rod of Your strength out of Zion. Rule in the midst of Your enemies! {3}Your people shall be volunteers In the day of Your power; In the beauties of holiness, from the womb of the morning, You have the dew of Your youth. {4}The LORD has sworn And will not relent, :“You are a priest forever According to the order of Melchizedek.” (NKJV)

Hebrews 5:5-11 (Jesus fulfills both Psalm 2 and Psalm 110)

{5}So also Christ did not glorify Himself to become High Priest, but it was He who said to Him: “You are My Son, Today I have begotten You.” {6}As He also says in another place: “You are a priest forever According to the order of Melchizedek”; {7}who, in the days of His flesh, when He had offered up prayers and supplications, with vehement cries and tears to Him who was able to save Him from death, and was heard because of His godly fear, {8}though He was a Son, yet He learned obedience by the things which He suffered. {9}And having been perfected, He became the author of eternal salvation to all who obey Him, {10}called by God as High Priest “according to the order of Melchizedek,” {11}of whom we have much to say, and hard to explain, since you have become dull of hearing.(NKJV)

Matthew 17:1-13 (God utters this Divine Approval of Jesus from the cloud of His glory)

{1}Now after six days Jesus took Peter, James, and John his brother, led them up on a high mountain by themselves; {2}and He was transfigured before them. His face shone like the sun, and His clothes became as white as the light. {3}And behold, Moses and Elijah appeared to them, talking with Him. {4}Then Peter answered and said to Jesus, \qq{Lord, it is good for us to be here; if You wish, let us make here three tabernacles: one for You, one for Moses, and one for Elijah.} {5}While he was still speaking, behold, a bright cloud overshadowed them; and suddenly a voice came out of the cloud, saying, \qq{This is My beloved Son, in whom I am well pleased. Hear Him!} {6}And when the disciples heard \textit{it,} they fell on their faces and were greatly afraid. {7}But Jesus came and touched them and said, \qq{Arise, and do not be afraid.} {8}When they had lifted up their eyes, they saw no one but Jesus only. {9}Now as they came down from the mountain, Jesus commanded them, saying, \qq{Tell the vision to no one until the Son of Man is risen from the dead.} {10}And His disciples asked Him, saying, \qq{Why then do the scribes say that Elijah must come first?} {11}Jesus answered and said to them, \qq{Indeed, Elijah is coming first and will restore all things. {12}But I say to you that Elijah has come already, and they did not know him but did to him whatever they wished. Likewise the Son of Man is also about to suffer at their hands.} {13}Then the disciples understood that He spoke to them of John the Baptist. (NKJV)

2 Peter 1:16-21 (Peter bears witness to this Divine honor and glory bestowed on Jesus)

{16}For we did not follow cunningly devised fables when we made known to you the power and coming of our Lord Jesus Christ, but were eyewitnesses of His majesty. {17}For He received from God the Father honor and glory when such a voice came to Him from the Excellent Glory: “This is My beloved Son, in whom I am well pleased.” {18}And we heard this voice which came from heaven when we were with Him on the holy mountain. {19}And so we have the prophetic word confirmed, which you do well to heed as a light that shines in a dark place, until the day dawns and the morning star rises in your hearts; {20}knowing this first, that no prophecy of Scripture is of any private interpretation, {21}for prophecy never came by the will of man, but holy men of God spoke \textit{as they were} moved by the Holy Spirit. (NKJV)

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As Paul also meditates on the “church of the living God, the pillar and foundation of truth,” one cannot help but wonder if Paul thinks on the good news of the Messiah Jesus for sinners, a truth that stands or falls on the reality of the Resurrection and post-Resurrection events that later came to be written down in the four Gospels. One thing is certain. Paul cannot stop himself from voicing aloud his hymnic, early Christian confession (in common, perhaps, with that of the church in his day) to Timothy about the greatness of the mystery that promotes true reverence and piety:

1 Timothy 3:16 (And confessedly, great is the mystery of godliness…)

{16}And without controversy great is the mystery of godliness: God was manifested in the flesh, Justified in the Spirit, Seen by angels, Preached among the Gentiles, Believed on in the world, Received up in glory. (NKJV)

θεὸς (God)…

  • ἐφανερώθη ἐν σαρκί (was manifest in/by the flesh),
  • ἐδικαιώθη ἐν πνεύματι (was justified in/by the Spirit),
  • ὤφθη ἀγγέλοις (was seen by angels),
  • ἐκηρύχθη ἐν ἔθνεσιν (was proclaimed in/by the nations),
  • ἐπιστεύθη ἐν κόσμῳ (was believed in/by the world),
  • ἀνελήφθη ἐν δόξῃ (was taken up in/by the glory).

If that is what Paul is thinking on, then confessing that Jesus in His resurrection was justified by the Spirit fits well what he describes in the opening words to the Romans:

Romans 1:1-4 By His resurrection from the dead, Jesus is forcefully demarcated as Son of God…according to the Spirit of holiness

{1}Paul, a bondservant of Jesus Christ, called to be an apostle, separated to the gospel of God {2}which He promised before through His prophets in the Holy Scriptures, {3}concerning His Son Jesus Christ our Lord, who was born of the seed of David according to the flesh, {4}and declared to be the Son of God with power according to the Spirit of holiness, by the resurrection from the dead. (NKJV)

Kingdom Fulfillment

With the anointing of the Spirit by the Father at His baptism, Jesus continues in the power of that same Spirit to fulfill the prophetic promises in His life and ministry. This anointing came “in bodily form” (Luke 3:22) in the likeness of a dove descending from heaven upon Him.

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Later in the book of Acts, the disciples, emboldened by the Holy Spirit after the incarceration of Peter and John, recount back to God in prayer this anointing that Jesus received.

Acts 4:27-30 (The disciples pray for Psalm 2 boldness, remembering Jesus who was anointed of God both at His baptism and again at His transfiguration)

{27}“For truly against Your holy Servant Jesus, whom You anointed, both Herod and Pontius Pilate, with the Gentiles and the people of Israel, were gathered together {28}to do whatever Your hand and Your purpose determined before to be done. {29}Now, Lord, look on their threats, and grant to Your servants that with all boldness they may speak Your word, {30}by stretching out Your hand to heal, and that signs and wonders may be done through the name of Your holy Servant Jesus.” (NKJV)

With this anointing by God, both verbally by the voice from heaven and visibly by the descent of the Spirit as a dove upon Him, Jesus is commended as righteous and well-pleasing before God. No such Divine pronouncement or blessing has ever fallen upon any other human being, as this pronouncement at Jesus’ baptism. Utterly unique in all of human history, this shows us what it looks like to be accepted by God on the basis of a righteous standing before God.

The apostles understood this well. Jesus kept the requirements of the Law perfectly in His life leading up to His baptism, and He continued in this until His final breath on the cross.

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Christ faithfully taught the Law in its fullness, as understood by God who gave it through Moses.

Matthew 5:18-20 (Not having sufficient righteousness will bar the sinner from the kingdom of heaven)

{18}"For assuredly, I say to you, till heaven and earth pass away, one jot or one tittle will by no means pass from the law till all is fulfilled. {19}Whoever therefore breaks one of the least of these commandments, and teaches men so, shall be called least in the kingdom of heaven; but whoever does and teaches them, he shall be called great in the kingdom of heaven. {20}For I say to you, that unless your righteousness exceeds the righteousness of the scribes and Pharisees, you will by no means enter the kingdom of heaven." (NKJV)

Matthew 5:48 (The standard of righteousness before God is perfection)

{48}"Therefore you shall be perfect, just as your Father in heaven is perfect." (NKJV)

Galatians 3:10-11 (Paul shows that the Law condemns all sinners)

{10}For as many as are of the works of the law are under the curse; for it is written, “Cursed is everyone who does not continue in all things which are written in the book of the law, to do them.* [Deuteronomy 27:26] {11}But that no one is justified by the law in the sight of God is evident, for “the just shall live by faith.” [Habakkuk 2:4] (NKJV adapted)

But having kept the Law Himself, Christ is commended by God on two separate occasions (at His baptism and at His transfiguration). So the perfect teacher of the Law was also the perfect keeper of the Law in all things.

Such an anointing by the Spirit of the LORD upon Him was manifest for many to see, for not only did Jesus keep the Law perfectly, but He also performed many signs and wonders in their midst. Here is one such example of how Christ healed the sick and cast out demons.

Luke 7:18-23 (Christ points John to the works He is doing to prove He is the Coming One)

{18}Then the disciples of John reported to him concerning all these things. {19}And John, calling two of his disciples to him, sent them to Jesus, saying, “Are You the Coming One, or do we look for another?” {20}When the men had come to Him, they said, “John the Baptist has sent us to You, saying, ‘Are You the Coming One, or do we look for another?’” {21}And that very hour He cured many of infirmities, afflictions, and evil spirits; and to many blind He gave sight. {22}Jesus answered and said to them, “Go and tell John the things you have seen and heard: that the blind see, the lame walk, the lepers are cleansed, the deaf hear, the dead are raised, the poor have the gospel preached to them. {23}And blessed is he who is not offended because of Me.” (NKJV)

Isaiah 61:1-3 (Jesus fulfills the prophecy of the Servant of the LORD)

{1}The Spirit of the Lord GOD is upon Me, Because the LORD has anointed Me To preach good tidings to the poor; He has sent Me to heal the brokenhearted, To proclaim liberty to the captives, And the opening of the prison to those who are bound; {2}To proclaim the acceptable year of the LORD, And the day of vengeance of our God; To comfort all who mourn, {3}To console those who mourn in Zion, To give them beauty for ashes, The oil of joy for mourning, The garment of praise for the spirit of heaviness; That they may be called trees of righteousness, The planting of the LORD, that He may be glorified. (NKJV)

Deuteronomy 18:15-22 (Jesus fulfills the prophecy of the Prophet of the LORD)

{15}“The LORD your God will raise up for you a Prophet like me from your midst, from your brethren. Him you shall hear, {16}according to all you desired of the LORD your God in Horeb in the day of the assembly, saying, ‘Let me not hear again the voice of the LORD my God, nor let me see this great fire anymore, lest I die.’ {17}And the LORD said to me: ‘What they have spoken is good. {18}I will raise up for them a Prophet like you from among their brethren, and will put My words in His mouth, and He shall speak to them all that I command Him. {19}And it shall be that whoever will not hear My words, which He speaks in My name, I will require it of him. {20}But the prophet who presumes to speak a word in My name, which I have not commanded him to speak, or who speaks in the name of other gods, that prophet shall die.’ {21}And if you say in your heart, ‘How shall we know the word which the LORD has not spoken?’—{22}when a prophet speaks in the name of the LORD, if the thing does not happen or come to pass, that is the thing which the LORD has not spoken; the prophet has spoken it presumptuously; you shall not be afraid of him.” (NKJV)

Kingdom Proclamation

Christ, always the faithful Prophet, Priest, and King consistently teaches the people Divine truth not only about the Kingdom of God, but also about the important ministry of the Holy Spirit, especially encouraging the disciples in His final hours with them on the night when He is betrayed.

The Spirit acts through the living and abiding Word of God to heal the sick, to cast out demons, and make the dead live again. Jesus shows this power of the Spirit in all these ways, emphasizing the power of God’s Word to bring forgiveness of sins, life, and salvation to those who need these gifts from God.

Jesus not only lives His life in the reality of the power of the Holy Spirit, He also teaches others about this decisive and ongoing role of the Holy Spirit in the kingdom of God’s grace that is breaking into this world.

Luke 11:13 (Our heavenly Father gives the Holy Spirit as a gift to those who ask)

{13}If you then, being evil, know how to give good gifts to your children, how much more will your heavenly Father give the Holy Spirit to those who ask Him!” (NKJV)

The Holy Spirit is a gift from our heavenly Father. The Spirit cannot be bought with our money or purchased through our obedience.

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See Acts 8:14-25 for an example of one who tried to purchase this gift of God and Peter’s blistering response.

This teaching begins to lay the groundwork for the work of the Holy Spirit through both Word and Sacrament, as the apostles will make clear throughout the New Testament writings following the glorification of Christ on the cross in His death for sinners.

John 7:37-39 (Jesus’ teaching anticipates Pentecost and the gift of the Holy Spirit)

{37}On the last day, that great day of the feast, Jesus stood and cried out, saying, “If anyone thirsts, let him come to Me and drink. {38}He who believes in Me, as the Scripture has said, out of his heart will flow rivers of living water.” {39}But this He spoke concerning the Spirit, whom those believing in Him would receive; for the Holy Spirit was not yet given, because Jesus was not yet glorified. (NKJV)

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Something to ponder. When Jesus says, “Out of his heart will flow rivers of living water,” is He referring to His own heart or to the heart of those who believe in Christ? If the former, then it is out of Jesus’ own heart that this blessed water of the Holy Spirit will flow. If the latter, then the believer is the receiver of this engulfing and quenching of thirst that is the Holy Spirit as a result of the work of Christ on the cross for sinners. Either way, the Holy Spirit is God’s gift to sinners because of Christ’s work of redemption.

NOTE: This summary of the history of interpretation of John 7 was presented by the Rev. Dr. Leopoldo A. Sánchez M. at a conference lecture in September 2025 in Daytona Beach, Florida.

Christ in other places teaches about the Holy Spirit’s work and ministry to bring to the sinner a birth from above, or being born of water and the Spirit. Salvation is a gift given to those who are born of God, and these are the ones who receive the Light which is Christ.

John 1:9-13 (Being born of God gives us the right to be children of God)

{9}That was the true Light which gives light to every man coming into the world. {10}He was in the world, and the world was made through Him, and the world did not know Him. {11}He came to His own, and His own did not receive Him. {12}But as many as received Him, to them He gave the right to become children of God, to those who believe in His name: {13}who were born, not of blood, nor of the will of the flesh, nor of the will of man, but of God. (NKJV)

And only in this way can God’s true people worship Him acceptably.

John 4:10-26 (Christ gives water of the Holy Spirit to thirsty souls)

{10}Jesus answered and said to her, “If you knew the gift of God, and who it is who says to you, ‘Give Me a drink,’ you would have asked Him, and He would have given you living water.” {11}The woman said to Him, “Sir, You have nothing to draw with, and the well is deep. Where then do You get that living water? {12}Are You greater than our father Jacob, who gave us the well, and drank from it himself, as well as his sons and his livestock?” {13}Jesus answered and said to her, “Whoever drinks of this water will thirst again, {14}but whoever drinks of the water that I shall give him will never thirst. But the water that I shall give him will become in him a fountain of water springing up into everlasting life.” {15}The woman said to Him, “Sir, give me this water, that I may not thirst, nor come here to draw.” {16}Jesus said to her, “Go, call your husband, and come here.” {17}The woman answered and said, “I have no husband.” Jesus said to her, “You have well said, ‘I have no husband,’ {18}for you have had five husbands, and the one whom you now have is not your husband; in that you spoke truly.” {19}The woman said to Him, “Sir, I perceive that You are a prophet. {20}Our fathers worshiped on this mountain, and you Jews say that in Jerusalem is the place where one ought to worship.” {21}Jesus said to her, “Woman, believe Me, the hour is coming when you will neither on this mountain, nor in Jerusalem, worship the Father. {22}You worship what you do not know; we know what we worship, for salvation is of the Jews. {23}But the hour is coming, and now is, when the true worshipers will worship the Father in spirit and truth; for the Father is seeking such to worship Him. {24}God is Spirit, and those who worship Him must worship in spirit and truth.” {25}The woman said to Him, “I know that Messiah is coming” (who is called Christ). “When He comes, He will tell us all things.” {26}Jesus said to her, “I who speak to you am He.” (NKJV)

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Later we will learn from the Apostle Paul that this drinking by the Spirit is related to the gift of baptism by the Holy Spirit in 1 Corinthians 12:12-14.

This is also in accord with the prophecy of Ezekiel who learns from the vision in the valley of dry bones the life-giving power of the breath (Spirit) of God.

Ezekiel 37:1-14 (New life given by the God’s Spirit)

{1}The hand of YHWH came upon me and brought me out in the Spirit of YHWH, and set me down in the midst of the valley; and it was full of bones. {2}Then He caused me to pass by them all around, and behold, there were very many in the open valley; and indeed they were very dry. {3}And He said to me, “Son of man, can these bones live?” So I answered, “O Lord YHWH, You know.” {4}Again He said to me, “Prophesy to these bones, and say to them, ‘O dry bones, hear the word of YHWH! {5}Thus says the Lord YHWH to these bones: “Surely I will cause breath to enter into you, and you shall live. {6}I will put sinews on you and bring flesh upon you, cover you with skin and put breath in you; and you shall live. Then you shall know that I am YHWH.”’” {7}So I prophesied as I was commanded; and as I prophesied, there was a noise, and suddenly a rattling; and the bones came together, bone to bone. {8}Indeed, as I looked, the sinews and the flesh came upon them, and the skin covered them over; but there was no breath in them. {9}Also He said to me, “Prophesy to the breath, prophesy, son of man, and say to the breath, ‘Thus says the Lord YHWH: “Come from the four winds, O breath, and breathe on these slain, that they may live.”’” {10}So I prophesied as He commanded me, and breath came into them, and they lived, and stood upon their feet, an exceedingly great army. {11}Then He said to me, “Son of man, these bones are the whole house of Israel. They indeed say, ‘Our bones are dry, our hope is lost, and we ourselves are cut off!’ {12}Therefore prophesy and say to them, ‘Thus says the Lord YHWH: “Behold, O My people, I will open your graves and cause you to come up from your graves, and bring you into the land of Israel. {13}Then you shall know that I am YHWH, when I have opened your graves, O My people, and brought you up from your graves. {14}I will put My Spirit in you, and you shall live, and I will place you in your own land. Then you shall know that I, YHWH, have spoken it and performed it,” says YHWH.’” (NKJV adapted)

Turning us from death to life is always a divine miracle, and this is no less true of those who are hearing the Good News of Jesus. Even Nicodemus, a well-learned scholar of the Jews, must be born from above/born again in order to see the kingdom of God. This spiritual birth is the gift God gives by the Spirit.

John 3:1-8 (The necessity of being born of water and the Spirit)

{1}There was a man of the Pharisees named Nicodemus, a ruler of the Jews. {2}This man came to Jesus by night and said to Him, “Rabbi, we know that You are a teacher come from God; for no one can do these signs that You do unless God is with him.” {3}Jesus answered and said to him, “Most assuredly, I say to you, unless one is born ἄνωθεν [‘again’ or ‘from above’], he cannot see the kingdom of God.” {4}Nicodemus said to Him, “How can a man be born when he is old? Can he enter a second time into his mother’s womb and be born?” {5}Jesus answered, “Most assuredly, I say to you, unless one is born of water and the Spirit, he cannot enter the kingdom of God. {6}That which is born of the flesh is flesh, and that which is born of the Spirit is spirit. {7}Do not marvel that I said to you, ‘You must be born ἄνωθεν [“from above” or “again”].’ {8}The wind blows where it wishes, and you hear the sound of it, but cannot tell where it comes from and where it goes. So is everyone who is born of the Spirit.” (NKJV adapted)

John 6:63 (Christ attributes life-giving work to the Spirit)

{63}It is the Spirit who gives life; the flesh profits nothing. The words that I speak to you are spirit, and they are life. (NKJV)

Matthew 12:24-32 (Christ strictly warns against any sins of the tongue against the Holy Spirit)

{24}Now when the Pharisees heard it they said, “This fellow does not cast out demons except by Beelzebub, the ruler of the demons.” {25}But Jesus knew their thoughts, and said to them: “Every kingdom divided against itself is brought to desolation, and every city or house divided against itself will not stand. {26}If Satan casts out Satan, he is divided against himself. How then will his kingdom stand? {27}And if I cast out demons by Beelzebub, by whom do your sons cast them out? Therefore they shall be your judges. {28}But if I cast out demons by the Spirit of God, surely the kingdom of God has come upon you. {29}Or how can one enter a strong man’s house and plunder his goods, unless he first binds the strong man? And then he will plunder his house. {30}He who is not with Me is against Me, and he who does not gather with Me scatters abroad. {31}Therefore I say to you, every sin and blasphemy will be forgiven men, but the blasphemy against the Spirit will not be forgiven men. {32}Anyone who speaks a word against the Son of Man, it will be forgiven him; but whoever speaks against the Holy Spirit, it will not be forgiven him, either in this age or in the age to come.” (NKJV)

On the night of His betrayal, Jesus promises to send the Holy Spirit, the blessed Comforter, to His disciples and signals both the joys and trials that will come to them through the giving of the Holy Spirit at Pentecost.

John 14

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John 15
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John 16
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John 20:19-23 (Jesus breathes on the disciples and imparts a pre-Pentecost blessing of peace and the Holy Spirit upon them, repeating in their hearing His giving to them the authority to forgive and retain sins, or the Power of the Keys)

{19}Then, the same day at evening, being the first day of the week, when the doors were shut where the disciples were assembled, for fear of the Jews, Jesus came and stood in the midst, and said to them, “Peace be with you.” {20}When He had said this, He showed them His hands and His side. Then the disciples were glad when they saw the Lord. {21}So Jesus said to them again, “Peace to you! As the Father has sent Me, I also send you.” {22}And when He had said this, He breathed on them, and said to them, “Receive the Holy Spirit. {23}If you forgive the sins of any, they are forgiven them; if you retain the sins of any, they are retained.” (NKJV)

Matthew 28:18-20 (Jesus commands baptism in the Name of the Trinity)

{18}And Jesus came and spoke to them, saying, “All authority has been given to Me in heaven and on earth. {19}Go therefore and make disciples of all the nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit, {20}teaching them to observe all things that I have commanded you; and lo, I am with you always, even to the end of the age.” Amen. (NKJV)

Luke 24:45-49 (Jesus commands the disciples to tarry in Jerusalem to await the promise of the Father and power from on high)

{45}And He opened their understanding, that they might comprehend the Scriptures. {46}Then He said to them, “Thus it is written, and thus it was necessary for the Christ to suffer and to rise from the dead the third day, {47}and that repentance and remission of sins should be preached in His name to all nations, beginning at Jerusalem. {48}And you are witnesses of these things. {49}Behold, I send the Promise of My Father upon you; but tarry in the city of Jerusalem until you are endued with power from on high.” (NKJV)

Pentecost and Gospel Proclamation

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Paul’s Mission to the Gentiles

Our Bold Confession Today

Early Church Confessions

While not Holy Scripture per se, the creeds of the early church are valuable to us as Christians in as much as they lead us to hold fast to the doctrine of the Holy Spirit taught in Holy Scripture. The ecumenical creeds known as the Apostles’ Creed, the Nicene Creed (from the Council of Nicea in A.D. 325), and the Athanasian Creed all make clear the early church’s Trinitarian perspective, confessing the Holy Spirit’s rightful place in the Trinity as a distinct Person in the Unity of the Triune God.

Apostles’ Creed

The Apostles’ Creed asserts faith (“I believe”) in the Holy Spirit in a way that parallels the “I believe…” in the first sentence with reference to God the Father Almighty and continues with “And in Jesus Christ, His only Son, our Lord.” By arranging the words in this structure, wherein the “I believe in the Holy Spirit” parallels the “I believe in God the Father Almighty…and in Jesus Christ…,” the early church confessed the Holy Trinity through the Apostles’ Creed. And, of course, this Trinitarian formulation is founded on Jesus’ clear teaching to the Apostles, a teaching most strikingly on display in His baptismal invocation of “the Name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit” (Matthew 28:18-20).

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The new sentence (“I believe in the Holy Spirit”) not only follows the teaching about God the Father and God the Son, but it also heads the remainder of the confession by providing what appears to be a summary of the grand scope of the Holy Spirit’s ongoing work in the world.

There does appear, therefore, to be a Trinitarian structure (first the Father, then the Son, and then the Holy Spirit) which, if true, would indeed lay the foundation for future statements (or confessions) of the Faith by the faithful.

Nicene Creed

The Nicene Creed puts additional flesh on the bones, as they say, in terms of the description of the Holy Spirit, in comparison to that provided in, for example, the Apostles’ Creed. He is “the Lord and Giver of life.” Calling the Holy Spirit “the Lord” is confessing the truth of the divinity of the Holy Spirit, but this is no less true of the designation “Giver of Life,” as God is the source of all life. In the Gospel of course we know that the Holy Spirit gives life that is spiritual and eternal, as Jesus told Nicodemus (John 3:3 and 3:5) and as Jesus explicitly declares to the Jews:

John 6:63

{63}It is the Spirit who gives life; the flesh profits nothing. The words that I speak to you are spirit, and they are life. (NKJV)

And the Greek version of this Gospel reading is even clearer, for Jesus testifies that the Spirit is literally “the One who quickens/makes alive” or simply “the Life-maker” or “Life-giver” (τὸ ζωοποιοῦν):

John 6:63 (Greek)

{63}Τὸ πνεῦμά ἐστιν τὸ ζωοποιοῦν, ἡ σὰρξ οὐκ ὠφελεῖ οὐδέν· τὰ ῥήματα ἃ ἐγὼ λαλῶ ὑμῖν, πνεῦμά ἐστιν καὶ ζωή ἐστιν.

Athanasian Creed

The Athanasian Creed solidifies the understanding of the divine nature of the Holy Spirit in no uncertain terms, applying the same divine attributes to the three Persons of the Trinity equally (glorious, co-eternal, uncreated, incomprehensible, almighty, etc.) but maintaining the Unity of the three Persons, who is nonetheless one and only one God.

What is distinctive about the Holy Spirit is captured in the word “proceeding.” The Son is “begotten of the Father,” but the Holy Spirit is “of the Father and of the Son: neither made, nor created, nor begotten, but proceeding.”

Catechisms

Luther’s Small Catechism includes the second part on the Apostles’ Creed, the 3rd article of which deals specifically with the Holy Spirit as the One who “calls, gathers, enlightens, and sanctifies the whole Christian Church on earth, and keeps it with Jesus Christ in the one true faith.” Luther goes into much greater detail on how the Spirit does this in the Large Catechism.

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One thing to note about his Large Catechism is that Luther abandons the traditional division of the Apostles’ Creed into 12 parts and goes with the Trinitarian structure that divvies it up into three parts, the latter of which of course deals with the Holy Spirit.

Calling

Without the calling of the Holy Spirit, we who are by nature sinners and dead in our sins would never come to God in faith. So especially in our conversion to Christ, there is an absolute need for sinners to receive the gift of faith given through the Word by the Holy Spirit before they will come to Christ (cf. John 6:63 above).

Gathering

Into what does the Holy Spirit gather us? Into the church of Jesus Christ.

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The word “church” (ἐκκλησία) comes from two words: ἐκ (out of) and κλητός (called) from καλέω (call) and simply means “assembly.”

The church, which belongs to Christ and which Christ promises to build (Matthew 16:16) on the confession of His true identity, just as Peter confessed it, is the assembly of those called together by the Holy Spirit. How does the Holy Spirit gather sinners into such an assembly? By baptism the Holy Spirit gathers us into one body, as Paul describes it beautifully in First Corinthians:

1 Corinthians 12:12-13

{12}For as the body is one and has many members, but all the members of that one body, being many, are one body, so also is Christ. {13}For by one Spirit we were all baptized into one body—whether Jews or Greeks, whether slaves or free—and have all been made to drink into one Spirit. {14}For in fact the body is not one member but many. (NKJV)

Enlightening

The first few verses of John’s Gospel teach us about Jesus that “in Him was life, and the life was the light of men” (John 1:4). Jesus attributes this life-giving function to the Spirit in the same Gospel of John, for He says, “It is the Spirit who gives life; the flesh profits nothing. The words that I speak to you are spirit, and they are life” (John 6:63). So Christ’s word is the Spirit’s word that gives life and light to men. Only by being born from above can any human hope ever to see the kingdom of God (John 3:3).

It is not surprising therefore that the Apostle Paul prays for the Ephesian Christians in this way:

Ephesians 1:17-22 (Paul prays for Ephesian saints that they be enlightened of the Holy Spirit)

{17}that the God of our Lord Jesus Christ, the Father of glory, may give to you the spirit of wisdom and revelation in the knowledge of Him, {18}the eyes of your understanding being enlightened; that you may know what is the hope of His calling, what are the riches of the glory of His inheritance in the saints, {19}and what \textit{is} the exceeding greatness of His power toward us who believe, according to the working of His mighty power {20}which He worked in Christ when He raised Him from the dead and seated \textit{Him} at His right hand in the heavenly \textit{places,} {21}far above all principality and power and might and dominion, and every name that is named, not only in this age but also in that which is to come. (NKJV)

Sanctifying

The word sanctify means simply “to make holy” or “to set apart.” Both of Luther’s Catechisms attest to this sanctifying work of the Holy Spirit. For Luther then, the particular role of the Holy Spirit is to set apart sinners and to make them holy. He goes on to explain how the Holy Spirit accomplishes this as well.

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